Residues and Contaminants in Fresh Fruit from Conventional Cultivation, 2016

Ein Bericht aus unserem Laboralltag

Ellen Scherbaum, Kathi Hacker, Alexander Lemke

 

In 2016 a total of 853 samples of fresh fruit from conventional culti-vation were analyzed by CVUA Stuttgart for residues of over 700 different pesticides, pesticide metabolites, and contaminants. In all, 820 of these samples (96 %) contained residues from a total of 188 different pesticide substances (compared to 179 substances in 2015; 192 in 2014; 193 in 2013; 197 in 2012; and 184 in 2011). A total of 5,481 residues were found (according to the legal definition; see also Annex 4). There were exceedances of the maximum resi-due level (MRL) in 59 fruit samples (6.9 %). The rate of violations was similar to that of the previous year (5.2 % in 2015; 11 % in 2014; 4.8 % in 2013; 4.5 % in 2012; and 3.6 % in 2011). The rate of ex-ceedances for chlorate lay at 2.1 % of the samples (1.6 % in 2015; 6.9 % in 2014), whereby eight of these samples (0.9 %) were only slightly over the limit (< 0.02 mg/kg). Fortunately, the rate from 2015 remained steady, and is significantly lower than that for vegetables.

 

Expansion of the investigative spectrum for all samples:

The QuPPe-method (see also http://quppe.eu), was again used in 2016 to routinely investigate all samples for very polar substances that couldn’t be detected with the QuEChERS multi-residue method. Typical agents in this group include the fungicides fosetyl and phosphonic acid, which are often used in fruit cultivation, the herbicide chlorate, and the contaminant perchlorate (see Info Boxes on chlorate, phosphonic acid, and perchlorate).

 

Detailed results:

Table 1 gives an overview of all 853 fruit samples by country of origin.

 

Table 1 Pesticide residues in fruit samples from conventional cultivation, differentiated by country of origin (CVUAS, 2016)

Fresh Fruit	Domestic Samples	Other EU Countries	Third Countries	Unknown Origin	Total Samples
No. of Samples	291	277	269	16	853
With residues	280 (96 %)	266 (96 %)	259 (96 %)	15 (94 %)	820 (96 %)
Exceedances of MRL	11 (3.8 %)	15 (5.4 %)	31 (12 %)	2	59 (6.9 %)
Ave. quantity of pesticide (mg/kg)	3.1	2.7	3.0	1.6	2.9
Ave. quantity of pesticide, excluding fosetyl (sum) (mg/kg)*	0.37	0.72	0.82	0.53	0.63
Ave. quantity of pesticide, excluding fosetyl (sum), surface treatment agents, and bromide (mg/kg)*	0.37	0.46	0.47	0.37	0.43
Ave. no. substances per sample	7.1	6.1	6.1	5.3	6.4

* The comparatively high levels of fosetyl (sum), bromide and surface treatment agents (thia-bendazole, imazalil and o-phenylphenol) strongly affect the average quantity of pesticides per sample. Therefore, the average amount is also provided without these substances.

 

The samples came from 39 different countries, with most originating in Germany (291), Spain (169), Italy (80), South Africa (47), Turkey (43) and Brazil (25). The highest rates of MRL exceedances were in samples from Turkey (19 %) and Brazil (20 %).

 

In 2016, almost all of fruit samples (96 % of 820) contained residues. According to the official definition of residues (see Annex 4), 188 different pesticide substances were detected; when all metabolites and contaminants are included, this comprises 247 individual substances. An average of 6.4 different substances was detected per sample. Excluding fosetyl (sum), bromide, and the surface treatment agents thiabendazole, imazalil and ortho-phenylphenol, which are often found on the peel of citrus fruits and to some extent on stone and exotic fruits, the average amount of pesticide residues was 0.43 mg/kg.

 

Table 2 provides an overview of the analytical results for the differ-ent fruit categories.

 

Table 2 Residues in fruit samples from conventional cultivation, differentiated by type of fruit (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Samples	Samples with Residues	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples > MRL	No. Findings > MRL	Substances exceeding the MRL*
Berry	261	257 (99 %)	251 (96 %)	19 (7.3 %)	23	Fosetyl, sum (5x); Chlorate (4x); Spinosad (2x); Ametoctradin (2x); Vinclozolin; Dimethoate, sum; Chlorpropham; Fenazaquin; Captan; Folpet; Procymidone; Tebufenozide; Methoxyfenozide; Trimethylsulfonium cation
Pome fruit	150	148 (99 %)	146 (97 %)	2 (1.3 %)	2	Chlormequat; Diphenylamine
Stone fruit	161	159 (99 %)	155 (96 %)	13 (8.1 %)	15	Chlorate (6x); Fosetyl, sum (5x); Acetamiprid; Dimethoate, sum; Carbendazim, sum; Procymidone
Citrus fuit	106	106 (100 %)	105 (99 %)	6 (5.7 %)	6	Chlorate (4x); Dicloran; Lambda-Cyhalothrin
Exotic fruit	175	150 (86 %)	113 (65 %)	19 (11 %)	22	Fosetyl, sum (7x); Chlorate (4x); Acetamiprid (2x); Prochloraz, sum (2x); Ethephon; Chlorpyrifos; Diuron; Difenoconazole; Flutriafol; Cyfluthrin; Cyprodinil
Total	853	820 (96 %)	770 (90 %)	59 (6.9 %)

* Individual samples contained more than one substance exceeding the MRL

 

Presentation of Results for Specific Types of Fruit

Berries contained an average of 7.5 different substances and 0.6 mg pesticide per kg (average quantity of pesticide excluding fosetyl (sum), surface treatment agents and bromide) (Table 3). These sensitive fruits are vulnerable to mold, especially in damp weather.

Two samples of currants from Germany were especially notable in 2016. One sample contained four substances (captan, difenoconazole, folpet, and tebufenozide), and the other, seven (dimethoate (sum), fenazaquin, folpet, procymidone, tebufenozide, triflumuron, and vinclozolin), that were higher than the MRL; a total of 19 and 25 different substances were detected in the samples, respectively. Both samples came from the same producer. Fortunately, such highly contaminated samples are absolute exceptions.

 

Table 3 Residues in berries from conventional cultivation (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Samples	Samples with Residues	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples > MRL	Substances exceeding the MRL**
Blackberry	4*	4	4
Strawberry	78	77 (99 %)	76 (97 %)	6 (7.7 %)	Chlorate (3x); Spinosad (2x); Chlorpropham
Blueberry	18	17 (94 %)	16 (89 %)	3 (17 %)	Fosetyl, sum (3x)
Raspberry	15	15 (100 %)	15 (100 %)
Currant	34	32 (94 %)	31 (91 %)	4 (12 %)	Ametoctradin; Dimethoate, sum; Fenazaquin; Fosetyl, sum; Methoxyfenozide; Procymidone; Tebufenozide; Vinclozolin
Jostaberry	1	1	1
Cranberry	2	2	0
Gooseberry	10	10 (100 %)	10 (100 %)	2 (20 %)	Ametoctradin; Fosetyl, sum
Table Grape	99	99 (100 %)	98 (99 %)	4 (4 %)	Captan; Chlorate; Folpet; Trimethylsulfonium cation
Total Berries	261	257 (99 %)	251 (96 %)	19 (7.3 %)

MRL = Maximum Residue Level
* For sample sizes under 5 no percentage is given
** Individual samples contained more than one substance exceeding the MRL

 

Pome fruits contained an average of 8.3 different substances and 0.31 mg pesticide per kg (average quantity of pesticide excluding fosetyl (sum), surface treatment agents and bromide). The number of different substances per sample was slightly higher than with berries; the amount of residues, however, was only half as high (see Table 4).

 

Table 4 Residues in stone fruits from conventional cultivation (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Samples	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples > MRL	Substances exceeding the MRL
Apple	95	93 (98 %)	93 (98 %)	1 (1.1 %)	Diphenylamine
Pear	54	54 (100 %)	52 (96 %)	1 (1.9 %)	Chlormequat
Quince	1*	1	1
Sum Stone Fruits	150	148 (99 %)	146 (97 %)	2 (1.3%)

MRL = Maximum Residue Level
* For sample sizes under 5 no percentage is given

 

One sample of Turkish pears contained chlorpyrifos in the amount of 0.20 mg/kg. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published new toxicological reference values in April 2014, deriving an acute reference dose (ARfD) for Chlorpyrifos of 0.005 mg/kg bodyweight [4]. Applying EFSA’s EU-based PRIMo-Model for young children, consumption of the above-mentioned pear sample with its chlorpyrifos residues of 0.20 mg/kg would mean an intake amount of 0.0182 mg/kg bodyweight (variability factor 7). That would exhaust the ARfD by 364 %, although the MRL of 0.5 mg/kg was not exceeded. As a result, the sample was judged to be unsafe.

 

 

Stone fruits contained an average of 6.3 different substances and 0.26 mg pesticide per kg (average quantity of pesticide excluding fosetyl (sum), surface treatment agents and bromide); see Table 5.

 

Table 5 Residues in stone fruits from conventional cultivation (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Samples	Samples with Residues Rückständen	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples > MRL	Substances exceeding the MRL**
Apricot	25	24 (96 %)	24 (96 %)	2 (8 %)	Carbendazim, sum; Fosetyl, sum
Avocado	3	3*	2
Mirabelle	3	3	3
Nectarine	20	20 (100 %)	20 (100 %)	1 (5 %)	Fosetyl, sum
Peach	17	17 (100 %)	17 (100 %)	1 (5.9 %)	Chlorate
Plim	61	60 (98 %)	58 (95 %)	3 (4.9 %)	Acetamiprid; Chlorate; Fosetyl, sum
Sweet Cherry	32	32 (100 %)	31 (97 %)	6 (19 %)	Chlorate (4x); Fosetyl, sum (2x); Dimethoate, sum; Procymidone
TOTAL Stone Fruits	161	159 (99 %)	155 (96 %)	13 (8.1 %)

MRL = Maximum Residue Level;

*For sample sizes under 5 no percentage is given

**Individual samples contained more than one substance exceeding the MRL

 

One sample of German cherries contained dimethoate (sum of omethoate and dimethoate), in the amount of 0.82 mg/kg sample. The MRL is 0.2 mg/kg. Applying EFSA’s EU-based PRIMo-Model for young children exhausts the ARfD by 276 % [3]. This sample was also determined to be unsafe.

 

Citrus fruit contained an average of seven different substances and 0.48 mg pesticide per kg (average quantity of pesticide excluding fosetyl (sum), surface treatment agents and bromide); see Table 6.

 

Table 6 Residues in citrus fruits from conventional cultivation (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Samples	Samples with Residues	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples > MRL	Substances exceeding the MRL
Clementine	18	18 (100 %)	18 (100 %)
Grapefruit	24	24 (100 %)	24 (100 %)	1 (4.2 %)	Chlorate
Kumquat	2	2*	1	1 (50 %)	Lambda-Cyhalothrin
Lime	13	13 (100 %)	13 (100 %)	2 (15 %)	Chlorate (2x)
Mandarine	1	1	1
Orange	14	14 (100 %)	14 (100 %)
Pomelo	8	8 (100 %)	8 (100 %)	1 (13 %)	Dicloran
Satsumas	3	3	3
Ugli	1	1	1
Lemon	22	22 (100 %)	22 (100 %)	1 (4.5 %)	Chlorate
Total Citrus Fruits	106	106 (100 %)	105 (99 %)	6 (5.7 %)

MRL = Maximum Residue Level;
* For sample sizes under 5 no percentage is given

 

Chlorate was the culprit in four cases of MRL exceedances in citrus fruits. A sample of kumquat from Spain contained the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in excessive amounts, and one sample of Chinese pomelo contained too much dicloran. According to reports, the fungicide dicloran is used in China to protect the peel of fruits from damage and spots.

 

Exotic Fruits had the highest rate of violations of all the fruit groups, at 11 %. Of the 175 analyzed samples, 19 contained residues above the MRL in 2016. Pomegranates from Turkey and passionfruit from Colombia were especially conspicuous. The MRL for fosetyl (sum) in exotic fruits is comparatively low, at 2.0 mg/kg; a total of seven samples were above this limit (see Table 7).

 

Table 7 Residues in exotic fruits from conventional cultivation (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Sample	Samples with Residues	Samples with Multiple Residues	Samples > MRL	Substances exceeding the MRL**
Pineapple	17	17 (100 %)	17 (100 %)	4 (15 %)	Chlorate; Chlorpyrifos; Diuron; Prochloraz, sum
Bananea	6	6 (100 %)	5 (83 %)
Cherimoya	1*	1	0
Date	1	1	0
Fig	11	5 (46 %)	0
Pomegranate	17	17 (100 %)	15 (88 %)	5 (29 %)	Acetamiprid (2x); Fosetyl, sum (2x); Cyfluthrin; Cyprodinil; Prochloraz, sum
Khaki	20	14 (70 %)	9 (45 %)	2 (10 %)	Chlorate (2x)
Prickly Pear	2	1	0
Cape gooseberry	1	1	1
Carambola	3	3	3
Kiwi	27	26 (96 %)	19 (70 %)
Litchi	4	1	1
Mango	24	22 (92 %)	17 (71 %)	3 (13 %)	Ethephon; Flutriafol; Fosetyl, sum
Maracuja	6	6 (100 %)	6 (100 %)	4 (67 %)	Fosetyl, sum (3x); Chlorate; Difenoconazole
Nashi pear	2	2	2
Papaya	7	6 (86 %)	5 (71 %)	1 (14 %)	Fosetyl, Summe
Pitahaya	1	1	1
Rhubarb	15	10 (67 %)	2 (13 %)
Total Exotic fruit	175	150 (86 %)	113 (65 %)	19 (11 %)

MRL = Maximum Residue Level;
* For sample sizes under 5 no percentage is given
** Individual samples contained more than one substance exceeding the MRL

 

Multiple Residues

Residues from multiple pesticides were also detected in a large number of fruit samples in 2016: 770 samples (90 %) had multiple residues (89 % in 2015; 95 % in 2014; 85 % in 2013; 83 % in 2012). Illustration 1 depicts the multiple residues in various types of fruit in 2016.

The residue findings are strongly dependent on the type of sample and their country of origin. Since the particular focus and risk-oriented questions are different each year, the results from one year cannot be seen as representative of the general situation.

 

Illustration 1: Multiple residues in various types of fruit (CVUAS, 2016)

 

Nevertheless, certain trends can be noted, especially when the residue situation is observed over a period of several years. Illustrations 2 and 3 show a comparison of 5 years.

The number of analyzed substances has been continually adjusted and expanded over the past five years. While an average of about 600 pesticides were analyzed in 2012, this number rose to 648 substances in 2016 (pursuant to the legal residue definitions; see Annex 4).

 

Illustration 2: Average number of different pesticide substances per sample in various types of fruit (CVUAS 2012-2016; residue definitions according to legal stand in 2016)

 

Expansion of the analyses and a reduction in the residue amounts as a result of post-harvest treatments (washing, waxing, etc.) have had an opposite effect on the number of pesticides that are detectable. As Illustration 2 shows, a slight increase in the number of detectable substances can be observed for the years 2012 to 2016.

Exotic fruit has the best record, with an average of 2.8 substances per sample over the five years. Stone fruits lie in the middle, at 5.7 per sample. Berries and citrus fruits contained an average of 6.7 and 6.5 respectively, and pome fruit had the highest average, at 7.3 substances per sample over the years, increasing from 6.1 in 2012 to 8.3 in 2016. When making comparisons of the number of pesticide substances used, one must consider that the individual cultures are grown in different climate zones, and are thus exposed to different degrees of pressure from pests. It is therefore necessary to take individual, often different measures of plant protection.

 

Illustration 3: Average amount of pesticide residues (excluding surface treatment agents, bromide and fosetyl (sum)) in different types of fruit (CVUAS 2012-2016; residue definitions are according to legal stand in 2016)

 

Illustration 3 shows the average amount of pesticide residues (excluding surface treatment agents, bromide and fosetyl (sum)). The exotic fruits have the best record over the five years here as well, with an average of 0.25 mg/kg of fruit. This year, however, there was a significant jump, mainly as a result of four extremely high findings of prochloraz in a pomegranate from Turkey, a mango from Peru and two pineapples from Ghana, where this fungicide is assumed to be used in post-harvest treatments. Without these four findings the average amount of pesticide in exotic fruit for 2016 would be 0.31 mg/kg. With an average of 0.60 mg/kg, the berries were again the fruit with the highest amount of pesticides in 2016, compared to the other fruit groups.

 

Substances with special features:

1. Chlorate

The presence of chlorate residues in plant-based foods can have causes other than its application as an herbicide (see Info Box). In fruit, however, chlorate findings play a very minor role in comparison to vegetables (see Illustration 4).

 

Illustration 4: Chlorate findings above the MRL (> 0.01 mg/kg): a comparison of conven-tional fruit and vegetables

 

 

2. Phosphonic Acid

The investigations into fosetyl (sum of fosetyl and phosphonic acid) were continued in 2016. Phosphonic acid residues can result from the usage of the fungicidal plant protectors fosetyl and phosphonic acid (allowed in Germany in fruit and vegetable farming, such as lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes, strawberries, etc.), as well as from the earlier usage of plant strengtheners (so-called leaf fertilizers). With the EU-wide categorization of phosphonic acid as a fungicide, these applications are no longer possible. A legal maximum has been determined for the sum of fosetyl and phosphonic acid, as well as their salts. Fully 56 % (481 samples) of all the analyzed fruit samples were detected with phosphonic acid, calculated as fosetyl (sum) in amounts up to 86.2 mg/kg. Violations occurred in 17 samples (2 %) due to exceedances of the maximum for fosetyl, sum (see Annex 1). The average rate of pesticide per sample is strongly influenced by the comparatively high average amount of fosetyl residues. Therefore, Table 1 presents the average rates of pesticides per sample both with and without fosetyl (sum).

 

 

In Germany the only fruits for which the use of fosetyl and phosphonic acids (as phosphonates) is permitted are strawberries, blackberries and grapes. An evaluation of the German-grown fruit samples from 2014 to 2016 shows no reduction in the amounts detected, not even in apples, for which no authorization exists.

 

Illustration 5: Phosphonic acid in samples from Germany; average amount from all ana-lyzed samples

 

As Illustration 5 also shows, the amount of phosphonic acid used in table grapes was much greater in 2016, as the wet weather necessitated special protection from fungal diseases.

 

3. Perchlorate

Perchlorates are the salts of perchloric acid. They are generally soluble in water, and exist permanently in the environment. Their occurrence is either anthropogenic (caused by humans) or natural, existing in mineral deposits. Perchlorate is also formed as a result of oxidative processes in the atmosphere, and deposits itself onto dust particles. The industrial use of perchlorates is extensive and diverse: they are used in the metal processing industry, in paper finishing, as a diuretic, as an oxidant, as well as an explosive and incendiary device. A further mode of entry could be the use of Chile saltpeter as fertilizer. This fertilizer is extracted mainly from natural deposits found in the Atacama Desert. Perchlorate is concentrated in such dry areas because it can’t get into the water cycle where it could be slowly degraded by microorganisms [5]. In the European Union perchlorates are currently neither authorized for use as a plant protectant nor as a biocide. Perchlorate findings, therefore, fall under the regulations for contaminants, which contain a general minimization imperative for foreign substances in food, as a preventative measure for protection of consumers [6].

Approximately six to eight percent of all conventional fruit samples (2,732 samples were analyzed from 2013 to 2016) contained perchlorate, albeit in very small concentrations. Only 0.3 % of the samples from 2016 had amounts greater than 0.1 mg/kg: one sample of cherries from Turkey contained 0.98 mg/kg, a grapefruit sample from Spain had 0.19 mg/kg, and a sample of table grapes from Chile had 0.12 mg/kg perchlorate.

»More information

 

Illustration 6: Percentage of conventional fruit samples contaminated with perchlorate, by amount of perchlorate (CVUAS 2013–2016)

 

Unauthorized Use of Pesticides

Samples coming from Germany are also tested as to whether the detected substances are authorized both for use in general, and for the specific culture. The most frequent discrepancies were in currants (7 samples) and apples (6 samples). One sample of currants was detected with 8 unauthorized substances, including procymidone, triflumuron, and vinclozolin, which are banned for all cultures.

Werden die Höchstmengen eingehalten, so sind diese Waren verkehrsfähig. Der Sachverhalt wird jedoch von den für den Pflanzenschutz zuständigen Stellen weiter verfolgt.

If the MRLs are adhered to, these goods are marketable. The situation will be followed, nevertheless, by those responsible for monitoring plant protection measures. Findings of fosetyl, sum, (including phosphonic acid) were an issue last year, as this substance is only permitted for use in strawberries, blackberries and grapes, but was also detected in other types of fruit. In 2016 fosetyl, sum, was detected in 116 samples from Germany for which no authorization has been given (see Table 8).

 

Table 8: Evidence of fosetyl, sum, in fruit samples from Germany, for which the substance phosphonic acid and/or fosetyl are not authorized (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Detections
Raspberry	8
Currant	16
Gooseberry	6
Blueberry	4
Apple	57
Pear	12
Apricot	1
Plum	4
Sweet Cherry	7
Rhubarb	1

 

These findings from 2016 were not yet judged as „unauthorized applications“, because these substances remain in the plants and could be the result of an earlier application of „leaf fertilizer“, etc. (see also Info Box).

Residues from unauthorized substances detected in fruit samples from Germany are presented in Table 9.

 

Table 9: Residues of unauthorized substances in conventional fruit from Germany (CVUAS, 2016)

Type of Fruit	No. of Samples from Germany	Samples w/ Unauthorized Substances	Unauthorized Substances*
Berry	126	12 (10 %)	Difenoconazole (4x); Folpet (4x); Captan (3x); Tebufenozide (2x); Ametoctradin (2x); Vinclozolin; Dimethoate, sum; Fenoxycarb; Triflumuron; Cyflufenamid; Dithianon; Fenazaquin; Procymidon; Methoxyfenozide; Abamectin, sum; Fluopyram
Pome fruit	96	6 (6 %)	Folpet (5x); Fenoxycarb
Stone fruit	55	4 (7 %)	Captan (3x); Procymidone
Citrus fruit	0	0
Exotic fruit**	14	0
Sum	291	22 (7.6 %)

* Individual samples contained more than one unauthorized substance
** Rhubarb included in exotic fruit

 

 

Annex 1 lists the MRL exceedances in conventionally produced fresh fruits; Annexes 2 and 3 show the frequency distribution of the detected substances.

 

Photo credits:

CVUA Stuttgart, pesticide laboratory

 

References:

[1] Vorschläge des BfR zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Chloratrückständen in Lebensmitteln vom 12.05.2015

[2] Entscheidung der Kommission vom 10. November 2008 über die Nichtaufnahme von Chlorat in Anhang I der RL 91/414/EWG des Rates und die Aufhebung der Zulassungen für Pflanzenschutzmittel mit diesem Stoff (ABl. L307/7 vom 18.11.2008)

[3] Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of confirmatory data submitted for the active substance dimethoate: EFSA Journal 2013;11(7):3233

[4] Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide human health risk assessment of the active substance chlorpyrifos, EFSA Journal 2014;12(4):3640

[5] Bericht des Umweltbundesamtes vom 18.09.2012 über das Vorkommen und die Verwendung von Perchloraten sowie deren wesentliche Eintragspfade in Lebensmittel

[6] Statement as regards the presence of perchlorate in food on 10 March 2015 (updated 23 June 2015)

 

Annexes

Annex 1: Substances with MRL exceedances, by type of fruit and country of origin (CVUAS, 2016)

Substances	HöchstmengenüberschreitungFruits with MRL Exceedancesen bei
Acetamiprid	Pomegranate (Turkey, not specified); Plum (Turkey)
Ametoctradin	Gooseberry (Germany); Currant (Germany)
Captan	Grapes (Germany)
Carbendazim, sum	Apricot (Turkey)
Chlorate	Strawberry (Spain 2x, Italy); Grapefruit (USA); Plum (Chile); Passion fruit (South Africa); Cherry (Turkey 2x, Italy 2x); Kaki (South Africa, not specified); Peach (Spain); Pineapple (Costa Rica); Lemon (Spain); Lime (Brazil 2x); Grapes (Brazil)
Chlormequat	Pear (Spain)
Chlorpropham	Strawberry (Italy)
Chlorpyrifos	Pineapple (Costa Rica)
Cyfluthrin	Pomegranate (not specified)
Cyprodinil	Pomegranate (South Africa)
Dicloran	Pomelo (China)
Difenoconazole	Passion fruit (Colombia)
Dimethoate, sum	Currant (Germany); Cherry (Germany)
Diphenylamine	Apple (Greece)
Diuron	Pineapple (Ghana)
Ethephon	Mango (Peru)
Fenazaquin	Currant (Germany)
Flutriafol	Mango (Brazil)
Folpet	Grapes (Germany)
Fosetyl, sum	Pomegranate (Turkey 2x); Passion fruit (Colombia 2x, South Africa); Blueberry (Morocco, Germany, Argentina); Nectarine (Chile); Papaya (Brazil); Cherry (Turkey, Italy); Apricot (Italy); Currant (Germany); Gooseberry (Germany); Plum (Germany); Mango (Spain)
lambda-Cyhalothrin	Kumquat (Spain)
Methoxyfenozide	Currant (Germany)
Prochloraz, sum	Pomegranate (Turkey); Pineapple (Ghana)
Procymidone	Currant (Germany); Cherry (Germany)
Spinosad	Strawberry (Spain, Italy)
Tebufenozide	Currant (Germany)
Trimethylsulfonium cation	Grapes (Chile)
Vinclozolin	Currant (Germany)

 

Annex 2: Frequency of detection of the most important substances* for fresh fruit, by type of fruit, as percentage all analyzed samples (CVUAS, 2016nlage 2: Nachweishäufigkeit der wichtigsten Wirkstoffe* für Frischobst, sowie aufgeschlüsselt nach Obstart, in Prozent der untersuchten Proben (CVUAS 2016)

 

 

 

*Corresponding to the valid residue definition; see Annex 4

A = Acaricide; B = Bactericide; F = Fungicide; H = Herbicide; I = Insecticide; M = Metabolite; G = Growth Regulator

 

Annex 3: Frequency of residue findings of plant protection substances in fresh fruit from conventional production (CVUAS, 2016)

Pesticides and Metabolites	Number of Findings	mg/kg
		< 0.01	< 0.05	< 0.2	< 1	< 5	< 20	≥ 20	Max.
Fosetyl, sum	481	0	1	69	135	230	28	18	86.2
Fludioxonil	256	94	48	51	48	14	1	0	14.2
Cyprodinil	238	112	44	48	30	4	0	0	1.2
Boscalid	212	82	62	38	27	3	0	0	1.8
Trifloxystrobin	177	79	69	23	5	1	0	0	1.5
Captan	140	30	50	45	13	2	0	0	1.7
Myclobutanil	139	85	41	12	1	0	0	0	0.2
Chlorantraniliprole	131	103	27	1	0	0	0	0	0.09
Pyraclostrobin	126	69	40	14	3	0	0	0	0.3
Tebuconazole	121	68	29	18	6	0	0	0	0.68
Chlorpyrifos	118	79	27	8	4	0	0	0	0.3
Fluopyram	111	51	36	20	3	1	0	0	1.3
Imazalil	105	14	7	13	25	46	0	0	4.5
Acetamiprid	103	50	35	18	0	0	0	0	0.15
Dithianon	103	17	43	34	8	1	0	0	1.2
Pyrimethanil	103	45	16	10	21	11	0	0	5.2
Imidacloprid	99	65	29	2	3	0	0	0	0.45
Thiacloprid	99	58	31	9	1	0	0	0	0.36
Pirimicarb, sum	98	55	28	15	0	0	0	0	0.18
Cyprodinil metabolite CGA 304075	93	56	20	14	3	0	0	0	0.24
Fenhexamid	89	24	17	21	22	5	0	0	4.1
Difenoconazole	86	62	18	5	1	0	0	0	0.1
Spinosad	82	46	22	11	3	0	0	0	0.49
Penconazole	77	62	13	2	0	0	0	0	0.062
Thiabendazole	75	22	10	13	22	8	0	0	3.2
lambda-Cyhalothrin	72	42	24	6	0	0	0	0	0.095
Iprodione	71	36	11	8	11	5	0	0	2.4
Azoxystrobin	69	39	10	16	4	0	0	0	0.58
Carbendazim, sum	69	50	15	3	1	0	0	0	0.26
Spirotetramat, sum	66	26	28	10	2	0	0	0	0.33
Dodine	57	52	2	3	0	0	0	0	0.093
Dimethomorph	54	30	10	5	9	0	0	0	0.68
Acetamiprid metabolite IM-2-1	49	46	3	0	0	0	0	0	0.017
Cypermethrin	49	19	20	8	2	0	0	0	0.36
Indoxacarb	47	37	8	2	0	0	0	0	0.13
Prochloraz, sum	47	12	2	14	12	7	0	0	7.3
Pendimethalin	46	45	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.017
Ethephon	45	3	17	16	7	2	0	0	1.4
Methoxyfenozide	45	22	16	6	1	0	0	0	0.28
Thiabendazole-5-hydroxy	43	26	16	1	0	0	0	0	0.092
Deltamethrin	42	29	13	0	0	0	0	0	0.04
Folpet	42	24	8	8	2	0	0	0	0.43
Pyriproxyfen	42	16	20	6	0	0	0	0	0.11
Quinoxyfen	38	17	11	10	0	0	0	0	0.18
Chlorate	37	18	15	4	0	0	0	0	0.12
Metrafenone	37	17	4	6	8	2	0	0	2
Chlorpyrifos-methyl	36	20	10	5	1	0	0	0	0.24
Pirimicarb-desamido	34	34	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Fenoxycarb	33	27	6	0	0	0	0	0	0.03
Propiconazole	33	13	6	1	8	5	0	0	2.4
Fenpyroximate	29	19	9	1	0	0	0	0	0.12
Fenbuconazole	28	13	14	1	0	0	0	0	0.1
Spirodiclofen	28	21	7	0	0	0	0	0	0.029
Tebufenozide	28	21	6	1	0	0	0	0	0.11
Dithiocarbamates	26	0	4	17	5	0	0	0	0.99
Hexythiazox	26	18	7	1	0	0	0	0	0.082
Etofenprox	25	9	6	4	6	0	0	0	0.47
Glufosinate, sum	25	5	17	3	0	0	0	0	0.18
2,4-D	24	14	1	8	1	0	0	0	0.46
Bromide	23	0	0	0	0	22	1	0	10.7
Ethephon metabolite HEPA	23	1	12	10	0	0	0	0	0.17
Flonicamid, sum	22	17	4	1	0	0	0	0	0.2
Metalaxyl (-M)	22	14	6	1	1	0	0	0	0.22
Kresoxim-methyl	21	17	4	0	0	0	0	0	0.028
Forchlorfenuron	19	19	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.004
Tetraconazole	19	9	8	2	0	0	0	0	0.18
BAC (n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18)	18	1	16	1	0	0	0	0	0.099
Etoxazole	18	13	5	0	0	0	0	0	0.026
Gibberellic acid	18	4	10	3	1	0	0	0	0.62
o-Phenylphenol	18	0	5	3	7	3	0	0	3.3
Buprofezin	17	7	6	4	0	0	0	0	0.19
Clothianidin	17	10	7	0	0	0	0	0	0.026
Triadimefon, sum	17	4	2	6	5	0	0	0	0.95
Trimethylsulfonium cation	17	10	6	1	0	0	0	0	0.067
Abamectin, sum	16	14	1	1	0	0	0	0	0.062
Bifenthrin	16	7	8	1	0	0	0	0	0.055
Cyproconazole	16	11	5	0	0	0	0	0	0.039
Tebufenpyrad	16	8	6	2	0	0	0	0	0.06
Boscalid metabolite M 510F01	15	9	6	0	0	0	0	0	0.022
Thiophanate-methyl	15	9	2	2	1	1	0	0	1
Ametoctradin	14	7	5	2	0	0	0	0	0.13
Phosmet, sum	14	6	6	2	0	0	0	0	0.1
Cyflufenamid	13	9	4	0	0	0	0	0	0.03
DDAC (n=8, 10, 12)	13	0	13	0	0	0	0	0	0.041
Emamectin B1a/B1b	13	12	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.012
Ethirimol	13	9	4	0	0	0	0	0	0.021
Famoxadone	13	5	4	4	0	0	0	0	0.078
Fluopicolide	13	7	2	4	0	0	0	0	0.17
Mandipropamid	13	7	3	2	1	0	0	0	0.51
Thiamethoxam	13	8	5	0	0	0	0	0	0.04
Cyazofamid	11	2	3	5	1	0	0	0	0.21
Cyfluthrin	11	7	2	2	0	0	0	0	0.15
Dimethoate, sum	11	9	1	0	1	0	0	0	0.86
Proquinazid	11	10	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.019
Spinetoram	11	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006
Iprodion metabolite RP 30228	10	5	5	0	0	0	0	0	0.027
Diazinon	9	6	3	0	0	0	0	0	0.049
Novaluron	9	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006
Spiroxamine	9	4	2	3	0	0	0	0	0.084
Fenpropimorph	8	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.009
Metalaxyl metabolite CGA 94689	8	7	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.013
Piperonyl butoxide	8	5	1	1	1	0	0	0	0.35
Pyridaben	8	5	2	1	0	0	0	0	0.056
Bupirimate	7	5	1	1	0	0	0	0	0.11
Chlormequat	7	5	1	0	1	0	0	0	0.83
Propyzamide	7	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.007
Cyantraniliprole	6	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0.062
DEET	6	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Icaridin	6	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Paclobutrazol	6	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Procymidone	6	4	1	0	1	0	0	0	0.5
Triclopyr	6	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.008
Chlorpropham	5	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.018
Clofentezine	5	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0.35
Fluazinam	5	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.011
Methiocarb, sum	5	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Bifenazat, sum	4	1	2	1	0	0	0	0	0.073
Chlorothalonil	4	0	3	1	0	0	0	0	0.059
Dicloran	4	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.021
Diflubenzuron	4	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0.18
Fenbutatin oxide	4	1	2	0	1	0	0	0	0.2
Fenpyrazamine	4	2	0	1	1	0	0	0	0.79
Iprovalicarb	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.004
Metalaxyl metabolite CGA 108905	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Pirimicarb-desamido-desmethyl	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.007
tau-Fluvalinate	4	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.026
Tetradifon	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
1-Naphthylacetic acid	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.008
Carbaryl	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Dinocap, sum	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Diphenylamine	3	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0.7
Zoxamide	3	0	1	2	0	0	0	0	0.11
Flutriafol	3	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0.068
Malathion, sum	3	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0.028
Nicotine	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.012
Prohexadione	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.01
PTU	3	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0.02
Pyrethrins	3	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0.053
Spiromesifen	3	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0.039
Triflumizole, sum	3	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0.011
Triflumuron	3	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0.053
Benalaxyl	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Bromopropylate	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Chlorfenapyr	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.004
Chloridazon-desphenyl	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.01
Diuron	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.028
Endosulfan, sum	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.009
Fluxapyroxad	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Formetanate	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006
Mepanipyrim	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006
Methidathion	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Pirimicarb, desmethyl-formamido	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Propamocarb	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.011
Vinclozolin	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0.053
Naphthalene acetamide	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
2,4-D, sum	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0.12
Acephate	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Acrinathrin	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Anthraquinone	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Atrazine-desethyl	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Azinphos-methyl	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Carbendazim metabolite, 2-Aminobenz-imidazole	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.007
Carbofuran, sum	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Chlorothalonil-4-hydroxy	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Cymoxanil	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Cyromazine	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.005
Dichlorprop	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Diflufenican	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Dinotefuran	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
ETU	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.013
Fenarimol	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Fenazaquin	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0.069
Fenitrothion	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Fenpropathrin	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.012
Fenpropidin	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Fipronil, sum	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Fluazifop	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Flubendiamide	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0.095
Flufenacet	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Fluroxypyr	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Flusilazole	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Isopyrazam	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006
Isoxaben	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.012
Ivermectin	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Linuron	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Lufenuron	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
MCPA	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Metalaxyl metabolite CGA 107955	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Oxydemeton-S-methyl, sum	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Oxyfluorfen	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.007
Parathion	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.012
Pentachloroanisole	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.006
Pirimiphos-methyl	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Probenazole	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Profenofos	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Propamocarb-N-oxide	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.007
Prosulfocarb	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
CGA 313124 (6-hydroxymethyl-pymetrozine)	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.01
Terbutylazine-desethyl	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Tolfenpyrad	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003
Tolylfluanid, sum	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.001
Trichlorfon	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002
Triflusulfuron-methyl	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.003

 

Annex 4: Substances and metabolites included in the residue definition are only included as the sum in the calculation (one residue)

Parameter	In der Rückstandsdefinition enthalten und analytisch erfasst
Abamectin	Avermectin B1a Avermectin B1b 8,9-Z-Avermectin B1a
Aldicarb, sum	Aldicarb Aldicarb-sulfoxide Aldicarb-sulfon
Amitraz, sum	Amitraz BTS 27271
Benzalkonium chloride, sum  (BAC)	Benzyldimethyloctylammonium chloride (BAC-C8) Benzyldimethyldecylammonium chloride (BAC-C10) Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C12) Benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (BAC-C14 Benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C16) Benzyldimethylstearylammonium chloride (BAC-C18)
Carbofuran, sum	Carbofuran 3-Hydroxy-Carbofuran
DDT, sum	DDE, pp- DDT, pp- DDD, pp- DDT, op-
Dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, sum (DDAC)	Dioctyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C8) Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C10) Didodecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C12)
Dieldrin, sum	Dieldrin Aldrin
Dimethoate, sum	Dimethoate Omethoate
Disulfoton, sum	Disulfoton Disulfoton-sulfoxide Disulfoton-sulfon
Endosulfan, sum	Endosulfan, alpha- Endosulfan, beta- Endosulfan-sulfate
Fenamiphos, sum	Fenamiphos Fenamiphos-sulfoxide Fenamiphos-sulfon
Fenthion, sum	Fenthion Fenthion-sulfoxide Fenthion-sulfon Fenthion-oxon Fenthion-oxon-sulfoxide Fenthion-oxon-sulfon
Fipronil, sum	Fipronil Fipronil-sulfon
Flonicamid, sum	Flonicamid TFNG TFNA TFNA-AM
Fosetyl, sum	Fosetyl Phosphonic acid
Glufosinate, sum	Glufosinate MPPA N-Acetyl-Glufosinate
Heptachlor, sum	Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide
Malathion, Summe	Malathion Malaoxon
Methiocarb, Summe	Methiocarb Methiocarb-sulfoxide Methiocarb-sulfon
Methomyl, Summe	Methomyl Thiodicarb
Milbemectin	Milbemectin A3 Milbemectin A4
Oxydemeton-S-methyl, Summe	Oxydemeton-methyl Demeton-S-methyl-sulfon
Parathion-methyl ,Summe	Parathion-methyl Paraoxon-methyl
Phorat, Summe	Phorate Phorate-sulfoxide* Phorate-sulfon Phorate-oxon Phorate-oxon-sulfoxide* Phorate-oxon-sulfon
Phosmet, Summe	Phosmet Phosmet-oxon
Pirimicarb, Summe	Pirimicarb Desmethyl-pirimicarb
Prochloraz, Gesamt	Prochloraz 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol BTS 44595 BTS 44596 BTS 9608 BTS 40348
Pyrethrum, Summe	Pyrethrin I Pyrethrin II Jasmolin I Jasmolin II Cinerin I Cinerin II
Pyridat, Summe	Pyridate Pyridafol
Quintozen, Summe	Quintozene Pentachloroanilin
Sethoxydim, Gesamt	Sethoxydim Clethodim
Spirotetramat, Summe	Spirotetramate, Spirotetramate-Enol, Spirotetramate, Ketohydroxy Spirotetramate, Monohydroxy Spirotetramate-Enol-Glykoside
Terbufos, Summe	Terbufos Terbufos-sulfon Terbufos-sulfoxide
Thiamethoxam, sum	Thiamethoxam Clothianidin
Tolylfluanid, Summe	Tolylfluanid DMST
Triadimefon u. Triadimenol	Triadimefon Triadimenol
Triflumizol	Triflumizol Triflumizol Metabolit FM-6-1

 

Translator: Catherine Leiblein

 

Artikel erstmals erschienen am 27.07.2017