Residues and Contaminants in Fresh Vegetables from Conventional Culture, 2018
Report from a day in the lab
Ellen Scherbaum, Kathi Hacker
Summary
Pesticide contamination of conventionally grown fresh vegetables in 2018 remained unchanged. The German-grown vegetables showed the best results. Every 20th sample was in violation for at least one exceedance of the maximum residue level (MRL); when official objections to the substance chlorate are included in the calculation, almost every 5th sample was affected. Except for three samples (2 x kale and eggplant), the detected pesticide amounts posed no health risk. There was just one exception: a sample of coriander of unknown origin, presumably from Asia, contained 27 different pesticides, seven of which were above the maximum limit.
Overview
In 2018 a total of 1,076 samples of fresh vegetables from conventional cultivation were analyzed by CVUA Stuttgart for residues of over 750 different pesticides, pesticide metabolites, and contaminants. In all, 965 of these samples (90 %) contained residues from a total of 219 different pesticide substances (compared to 227 substances in 2017; 202 in 2016; 210 in 2015; 208 in 2014; and 199 in 2013). A total of 4,953 residues were found (according to the legal definition; see also Annex 4). There were exceedances of the MRL in 231 (21 %) vegetable samples - see Table 1. As in the four previous years, the rate of violations remained fairly high (16 % in 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014; 4.4 % in 2013; 6.4 % in 2012; and 7 % in 2011). This is attributable to the expansion in 2014 of the investigative spectrum to include polar pesticides, as well as the high number of MRL exceedances for the substance chlorate, with a total of 191 (18 %) vegetable samples. When chlorate violations are not included in the calculation, the exceedance of MRLs lies at 55 samples (5.1 %). Of all the samples, the German vegetables had the best record.
Detailed Results
All of the samples were routinely analyzed for about 750 substances using the QuEChER multi-method and the QuPPe method (for very polar substances; see also CVUA Stuttgart | QuPPe Method). Table 1 gives an overview of the analyzed fresh vegetable samples, itemized by country of origin.
Fresh Vegetables |
Domestic Samples
|
Samples from other countries
|
Samples from 3rd countries |
Samples of unknown origin
|
Total Samples
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Sampes |
472 |
381 |
381 |
63 |
1076 |
Samples w/ residues |
389 (82 %) |
358 (94 %) |
358 (94 %) |
59 (94 %) |
965 (90 %) |
Samples > MRL |
66 (14 %) |
96 (25 %) |
96 (25 %) |
19 (30 %) |
231 (21 %) |
Average pesticide amount (mg/kg) |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
2.1 |
Ave. pesticide content excluding bromide & fosetyl (sum) (mg/kg)* |
0.44 |
0.59 |
0.59 |
0.32 |
0.46 |
Ave. no. substances per sample |
3.8 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
4.6 |
The samples came from 31 different countries, with most originating in Germany (472), Spain (163), Italy (111), the Netherlands (51), and Turkey (36). There were 63 samples without information regarding the country of origin.
When comparing the number of pesticide substances used, one must consider that the individual cultures are grown in different climate zones, and are thus burdened by pests to different degrees. It is therefore necessary to take individual, often different, measures of plant protection. An average of 4.6 different substances was detected per sample, although the local samples scored better, at 3.8 substances. Excluding fosetyl (sum) and bromide, the average amount of pesticide residues overall was 0.46 mg/kg and, for the German-grown samples, 0.44 mg/kg. The rate of German samples with pesticide amounts above the limit values was much lower than those from other countries, however. A close observation of Table 2 shows that the countries with the highest rate of exceedances (> 30 %) were the third countries.
Country | Country Categorie |
No. of Samplesl
|
Samples > Maximum Level (%) |
Samples > Maximum Level w/o Chlorate (%)
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Peru | Third Country |
7
|
6 (86 %)
|
4 (57 %)
|
Thailand | Third Country |
7
|
6 (86 %)
|
1 (14 %)
|
Turkey | Third Country |
36
|
18 (50 %)
|
13 (36 %)
|
France | EU Country |
15
|
6 (40 %)
|
1 (7 %)
|
Mexiko | Third Country |
8
|
3 (38 %)
|
2 (25 %)
|
China | Third Country |
6
|
2 (33 %)
|
2 (33 %)
|
Belgium | EU Country |
19
|
6 (32 %)
|
0 (0 %)
|
Info Box
Maximum Residue Levels
Maximum residue levels (MRLs) are not toxicological endpoints or limit values. They are derived from residue investigations carried out under realistic conditions. The expected residues are then compared with toxicological limit values, in order to ensure that lifelong or a one-time intake of the substance does not pose a health risk.
Maximum residue levels regulate trade, and are not permitted to be exceeded. Food containing residues above the MRL are not marketable; they may not be sold. Not every exceedance of an MRL poses a health risk, however. It is therefore important to make differentiated observations.
Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) brochure: “Pflanzenschutzmittel – sorgfältig geprüft, verantwortungsvoll zugelassen” , November 2009
Tables 3 to 7 show the results of residue analyses of vegetables, differentiated by type of vegetable. Annex 1 lists the MRL exceedances for conventionally cultivated fresh vegetables, and annexes 2 and 3 show the frequency distribution of the detected substances.
Type of Vegetable |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
No. Findings > MRL
|
Substances > MRL**
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leafy Vegetables |
417
|
395 (95 %)
|
357 (86 %)
|
107 (26 %)
|
123
|
Chlorate(96x); Nicotine (8x); Tebuconazole (2x); Fosetyl, sum; Chlorpyrifos; Omethoate; Chlorpropham; Fenobucarb; Metobromuron; Diflubenzuron; Chlorfluazuron; Difenoconazole; Flutriafol; Nitenpyram; Oxadiazon; Bromoxynil; Cyfluthrin; Fluopyram; Fipronil, sum; Chlormequat, Summe
|
Fruiting Vegetables |
428
|
369 (86 %)
|
320 (75 %)
|
81 (19 %)
|
91
|
Chlorate(60x); 4-CPA (4x); Etoxazole (3x); Acrinathrin (3x); Pirimiphos-methyl (2x); Tebufenpyrad (2x); Bifenthrin (2x); Tau-Fluvalinat; Ethephon; Fosetyl, sum; Chlorfenapyr; Acetamiprid; Methomyl; Clofentezin; Propiconazol; Hexaconazole; Nicotine; Trimethylsulfonium-Cation; Thiabendazole; Fipronil, sum; Cyflumetofen; Chlormequat, sum
|
Sprout Vegetables |
139
|
113 (81 %)
|
84 (60 %)
|
32 (23 %)
|
36
|
Chlorate(29x); Trimethylsulfonium-Cation (2x); Fosetyl, sum; Omethoate; Dimethoate; Methomyl; Mandipropamid
|
Root Vegetables |
91
|
87 (96 %)
|
76 (84 %)
|
10 (11 %)
|
15
|
Chlorate(5x); Cyromazin (2x); Fosthiazat (2x); Chlormequat, sum (2x); Thiamethoxam; Chlorpropham; Dimethomorph; Nicotine
|
Exotic Vegetables |
1
|
1*
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Chlorate
|
TOTAL |
1076
|
965 (90 %)
|
838 (78 %)
|
231 (21 %)
|
|
|
Presentation of results for each category of vegetable
Leafy vegetables contained an average of 5.6 different substances. With a rate of 0.93 mg pesticide per kg (average, excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)), they had the highest residue amount of all types of vegetables. In particular, many herb and lettuce samples contained numerous as well as high amounts of pesticides (see also Illustration 1). The highest number was a sample of coriander of unknown origin, which contained 27 different substances.
Matrix |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild garlic |
1
|
1*
|
1
|
-
|
|
Basil |
10
|
9 (90 %)
|
8 (80 %)
|
6 (60 %)
|
Chlorate (6x); Fosetyl, sum |
Leafy vegetable |
1
|
1*
|
1
|
-
|
|
Celery |
5
|
5 (100 %)
|
5 (100 %)
|
2 (40 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Chicory |
9
|
9 (100 %)
|
9 (100 %)
|
2 (22 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Chinese Cabbage |
5
|
5 (100 %)
|
5 (100 %)
|
-
|
|
Dill leaves |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
8 (100 %)
|
2 (25 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Oakleaf lettuce |
18
|
18 (100 %)
|
18 (100 %)
|
3 (17 %)
|
Chlorate (3x) |
Iceberg lettuce |
36
|
36 (100 %)
|
31 (86 %)
|
5 (14 %)
|
Chlorate (5x) |
Endivie |
12
|
11 (92 %)
|
10 (83 %)
|
2 (17 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Tarragon |
2
|
2*
|
2*
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Lambs lettuce |
25
|
25 (100 %)
|
24 (96 %)
|
10 (40 %)
|
Chlorate (10x) |
Frisee lettuce |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
1*
|
Nikotine |
Kale |
21
|
20 (95 %)
|
20 (95 %)
|
8 (38 %)
|
Nicotine (4x); Tebuconazole (2x); Chlorate; Chlorpropham; Difenoconazole; Fluopyram; Metobromuron |
Head lettuce |
40
|
39 (98 %)
|
36 (90 %)
|
4 (10 %)
|
Chlorate (4x) |
Coriander |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
8 (100 %)
|
7 (88 %)
|
Chlorate (6x); Chlorfluazuron; Chlorpyrifos; Cyfluthrin; Diflubenzuron; Fenobucarb; Fipronil, sum; Nitenpyram; Oxadiazo |
Cress/Garden cress |
1
|
1*
|
0
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Herbs |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Spring onion |
5
|
5 (100 %)
|
5 (100 %)
|
-
|
|
Lollo |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
8 (100 %)
|
4 (50 %)
|
Chlorate (4x) |
Chard |
10
|
10 (100 %)
|
9 (90 %)
|
3 (30 %)
|
Chlorate (3x) |
Mint |
5
|
5 (100 %)
|
5 (100 %)
|
2 (40 %)
|
Chlorate (2x); Flutriafol |
Pak-Choy |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
-
|
|
Parley |
43
|
42 (98 %)
|
39 (91 %)
|
12 (28 %)
|
Chlorate (12x) |
Leek |
14
|
13 (93 %)
|
13 (93 %)
|
2 (14 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Red-leaved chicory (radicchio) |
7
|
4 (57 %)
|
0
|
1 (14 %)
|
Chlorate |
Romaine lettuce |
7
|
7 (100 %)
|
7 (100 %)
|
1 (14 %)
|
Chlorate |
Brussels Sprouts |
15
|
15 (100 %)
|
15 (100 %)
|
-
|
|
Red cabbage |
10
|
9 (90 %)
|
4 (40 %)
|
1 (10 %)
|
Chlormequatchloride, sum |
Rucola |
26
|
26 (100 %)
|
24 (92 %)
|
12 (46 %)
|
Chlorate (12x); Nicotine |
Chives |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
8 (100 %)
|
2 (25 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Cutting lettuce |
3
|
3*
|
2*
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Spinach |
20
|
20 (100 %)
|
20 (100 %)
|
8 (40 %)
|
Chlorate (7x); Nicotine (2x); Bromoxynil; Omethoate |
White cabbage |
22
|
11 (50 %)
|
6 (27 %)
|
-
|
|
Savoy cabbage |
3
|
2*
|
0
|
-
|
|
Lemon grass |
5
|
5 (100 %)
|
2 (40 %)
|
3 (60 %)
|
Chlorate (3x) |
Cos lettuce |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
-
|
|
TOTAL |
417
|
395 (95 %)
|
357 (86 %)
|
107 (26 %)
|
Most of the MRL exceedances concerned chlorate, although these amounts did not result from an application of an herbicide (see section on chlorate).
The acute reference dose (ARfD; see Info Box “Acute Reference Dose”) for nicotine was exceeded in two samples of kale. These two samples were judged as unsafe, in accordance with regulation (EC) No. 178/2002. There are many pathways for nicotine, but due to the relatively high oral toxicity, even fairly low amounts are problematic. Further commentary and assessments on this topic can be found on our website [1,2].
Info Box
Acute Reference Dose (ARfD)
For the evaluation of pesticides that have a high, acute toxicity and that can cause health damage after just a single or short-term intake, the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) value is only appropriate to a limited extent. Since the ADI is derived from long-term studies, it is possibly inadequate as a measure of acute risk from residues in food. Therefore, in addition to the ADI value, a further exposure limit has been established, the so-called acute reference dose (ARfD). The World Health Organization defined the ARfD as the amount of a substance one can consume over the period of one day or in one meal without resulting in any discernible health risk. Other than for the ADI, the ARfD value is not determined for every pesticide, but only for such substances that, when taken in sufficient quantities, could cause damage to one’s health even after just one exposure.
EFSA calculation model Pesticide Residue Intake Model “PRIMo”–rev.3
Fruiting vegetables contained an average of 4.4 different substances per sample, but only 0.14 mg pesticide residues (excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)), which means the detected substances are often found in only small concentrations. This doesn’t necessarily mean, however, that fruiting vegetables are treated less often or with lower concentrations of pesticides than other types of vegetables during vegetation. Rather, it has become much more common to wash vegetables after the harvest, thereby removing pesticide residues. In the last few years, after-harvest treatment has become more and more automated and wide-spread.
Bell peppers, zucchini, tomatoes and aubergine frequently contained multiple pesticides. The frontrunner was a sample of chili pepper from Pakistan, with 22 different substances (see also Illustration 1).
Matrix |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aubergine |
38
|
35 (92 %)
|
33 (87 %)
|
13 (34 %)
|
Chlorate (11x); 4-CPA; Acetamiprid; Clofentezine; Methomyl |
Green beans |
46
|
45 (98 %)
|
38 (83 %)
|
10 (22 %)
|
Chlorate (8x); Bifenthrin (2x); Fosetyl, sum; Hexaconazole |
Chili peppers |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
7 (88 %)
|
4 (50 %)
|
Chlorfenapyr; Ethephon; Fipronil, sum; tau-Fluvalinate; Tebufenpyrad |
Peas w/ pod |
3
|
3*
|
3*
|
-
|
|
Bell peppers |
107
|
95 (89 %)
|
85 (79 %)
|
17 (16 %)
|
Chlorate (11x); Etoxazole (3x); Acrinathrin (2x); Pirimiphos-methyl (2x); Cyflumetofen; Tebufenpyrad |
Cucumber |
27
|
25 (93 %)
|
24 (89 %)
|
5 (19 %)
|
Chlorate (3x); Acrinathrin; Trimethylsulfonium cation |
Pumpkin |
9
|
6 (67 %)
|
3 (33 %)
|
-
|
|
Melon |
50
|
48 (96 %)
|
44 (88 %)
|
4 (8 %)
|
Chlorate (3x); Propiconazole; Thiabendazole |
Okra (Ladyfingers) |
5
|
5 (100 %)
|
4 (80 %)
|
2 (40 %)
|
Chlorate; Nicotine |
Chili pepper |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
0
|
|
Tomato |
76
|
66 (87 %)
|
55 (72 %)
|
17 (22 %)
|
Chlorate (17x); Chlormequatchloride, sum |
Zucchini |
30
|
27 (90 %)
|
22 (73 %)
|
9 (30 %)
|
Chlorate (6x); 4-CPA (3x) |
Sweet corn |
28
|
5 (18 %)
|
1 (4 %)
|
-
|
|
TOTAL |
428
|
369 (86 %)
|
320 (75 %)
|
81 (19 %)
|
The acute reference dose (ARfD; see Info Box), based on the EFSA PRIMo-Model for young children, was exhausted by 200 % by a sample of aubergine from Italy for the substance methomyl. This sample was judged to be unsafe and thus not suitable for human consumption, in line with regulation (EC) No. 178/2002.
Sprout vegetables contained an average of 2.4 different substances and 0.33 mg pesticide residues per kg sample (average pesticide amount, excluding bromide and fosetyl, sum).
Matrix |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artichoke |
2
|
1*
|
1*
|
-
|
|
Cauliflower |
6
|
3 (50 %)
|
2 (33 %)
|
1 (17 %)
|
Chlorate |
Broccoli |
25
|
23 (92 %)
|
18 (72 %)
|
6 (24 %)
|
Chlorate (6x) |
Fennel |
9
|
9 (100 %)
|
9 (100 %)
|
3 (33 %)
|
Chlorate (3x) |
Cereal sprouts |
4
|
4*
|
4*
|
2*
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Garlic |
2
|
2*
|
1*
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Kohlrabi |
19
|
16 (84 %)
|
7 (37 %)
|
4 (21 %)
|
Chlorate (3x); Dimethoate; Mandipropamid; Omethoate |
Mung bean sprouts |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Shallots |
2
|
2*
|
2*
|
1*
|
Fosetyl, sum |
Soy bean sprouts |
2
|
1*
|
1*
|
1*
|
Chlorate |
Asparagus |
45
|
29 (64 %)
|
17 (38 %)
|
12 (27 %)
|
Chlorate (11x); Trimethylsulfonium cation (2x); Methomyl |
Onion |
22
|
22 (100 %)
|
21 (95 %)
|
-
|
|
TOTAL |
139
|
113 (81 %)
|
84 (60 %)
|
32 (23 %)
|
Root vegetables contained an average of 4.3 substances per sample and a comparatively low level of pesticide residues of 0.076 mg/kg sample (average pesticide amount excluding bromide and fosetyl, sum). The detected substances were often found in only trace amounts.
Matrix |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginger |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
7 (88 %)
|
4 (50 %)
|
Chlormequat, Summe (2x); Cyromazin (2x); Fosthiazat (2x); Chlorat; Nikotin; Thiamethoxam |
Celeriac |
6
|
5 (83 %)
|
5 (83 %)
|
1 (17 %)
|
Dimethomorph |
Rutabaga |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
-
|
|
Carrot |
14
|
14 (100 %)
|
13 (93 %)
|
-
|
|
Parsnip |
4
|
4*
|
4*
|
1*
|
Chlorpropham |
Parsley root |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
-
|
|
Radish, black ~ |
37
|
36 (97 %)
|
33 (89 %)
|
2 (5,4 %)
|
Chlorat (2x) |
Radish |
9
|
9 (100 %)
|
7 (78 %)
|
1 (11 %)
|
Chlorat |
Beetroots |
9
|
7 (78 %)
|
4 (44 %)
|
1 (11 %)
|
Chlorat |
Black Salsify |
1
|
1*
|
1*
|
-
|
|
Root vegetable |
1
|
1*
|
0
|
-
|
|
TOTAL |
91
|
87 (96 %)
|
76 (84 %)
|
10 (11 %)
|
Multiple residues
A majority of the vegetable samples were also detected with multiple residues in 2018; 838 of the samples (78 %) contained multiple residues. Illustration 1 depicts the number of pesticides found in the different types of vegetables.
The residue findings are closely related to the type of samples analyzed and their country of origin. Since the particular focus and risk-oriented questions are different each year, the results from one year cannot be seen as representative of the general situation, and are only minimally comparable.
Info Box
Multiple Residues
When more than one pesticide substance is detected on or in food, this is referred to as multiple residues. There are several conceivable causes for the occurrance of multiple residues. In addition to the use of different substances during the growth phase to combat various pests, they can also stem from, e.g. the application of combination therapies containing several substances, or an intended change in substance in order to prevent the development of resistant pathogens. Furthermore, an additional application during storage or transport, or transmission from a contaminated transport container or conveyor belt, is also possible. Small amounts of substance residues can stem from earlier applications or from the drifting of plant protection measures of neighboring fields. Another possible reason is the occasional compilation of sample food batches coming from different producers who have used different pesticide substances. . Finally, the improper conduct of good agricultural practices with reference to the use of pesticides cannot always be ruled out.
Illustration 1: Multiple Residues in Various Types of Vegetables (CVUAS, 2018)
Chlorate
In addition to stemming from the application of herbicides, chlorate residues in plant-based foods can also come from other sources (see Info Box). In comparison to fruit, chlorate findings play a bigger role in vegetables. In this reporting year chlorate was detected in 359 vegetable samples (33 %), with amounts up to 2.0 mg/kg (green asparagus from Peru). This is worse than the last two years, when the rate for chlorate was 29 % and 21 %, respectively.
The European Food Safety Authority established an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.036 mg chlorate per kg body weight. Applying the PRIMo model based on small children, and using a variability factor of 1, none of the samples exceeded the toxicological reference value. No acute health risk was thus determined. Nevertheless, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) recommends continuing efforts to reduce the possible entries of chlorate into the food chain and the resulting risk to consumers [3].
Info Box
Chlorate
Chlorates are effective as both herbicides and biocides. Since 2008, however, chlorate is no longer authorized for use as a pesticide* in the EU. Sodium chlorate may also no longer be used in biocide products.
The definition for „pesticide residues“ in Regulation (EC) Nr. 396/2005 also encompasses residues from pesticidal substances in food (including substances no longer authorized) that have pathways other than from the use of plant protectors (so-called dual-use substances), such as chlorate in food. Chlorate is thereby covered by the EU-wide valid default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg, in accordance with regulation (EC) No. 396/2005. In December 2017 in Germany maximum values were determined for the treatment of drinking water when the disinfection can’t be otherwise guaranteed: 70 µg/L chlorate for long-term application and 200 µg/L chlorate for a short-term dosage.**
The presence of chlorate in food can result not only from its use as a pesticide, but also from environmental pollution (contaminated rain- or irrigation water and soil), or as a residual of food production techniques, including methods used in farming, processing, preparation, or treatment. The application of biocides, from which chlorate can result, is another possible source of contamination. In general, chlorate can be formed as a by-product of the disinfection of drinking/ industrial water with chlorine gas, hypochlorite, or chlorine dioxide.
Chlorate inhibits, reversibly, the intake of iodine into the thyroid gland and can cause unwanted health effects, especially in sensitive people such as children, pregnant women, or people with thyroid dysfunction. In addition to affecting thyroid function, chlorate can also damage the erythrocytes (formation of methaemoglobin, haemolysis).***
The member states are carrying out a monitoring program to determine the degree of food and drinking water contamination, in order to provide data for a toxicological evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Specific residue MRLs will then be established based on this information.
* 10 November 2008 decision of the Commision regarding the non-inclusion of chlorate in Annex I of the RL 91/414/EWG of the Council and the repeal of authorization for pesticides containing this substance (ABl. L307/7 from 18.11.2008)
** Chlorate in drinking water: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/421/dokumente/19_bekanntmachung_der_liste_der_aufbereitungsstoffe_ und_desinfektionsverfahren_gemaess_ss_11_trinkwv_2001.pdf
*** Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Recommendations of the BfR for health-based assessment of chlorate residues in food, from 12 May 2014, accessed on 6 Feb. 2019, http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/vorschlaege-des-bfr-zur-gesundheitlichen-bewertung-von-chloratrueckstaenden-in-lebensmitteln.pdf.
In 2018, 191 samples (18 %) were reported for violations, due to the exceedance of the MRL for chlorate (13 % in 2017; 12 % in 2016; 13 % in 2015; and 12 % in 2014). Illustration 2 shows the distribution.
As clearly seen in the diagram, most of the samples only minimally exceeded the maximum value.
Illustration 2: Frequency distribution of chlorate quantities above the maximum value (CVUAS, 2018)
Discussions have been carried out in the EU for several years regarding the stipulation of specific maximum chlorate levels that can address the overall problem of chlorate (see Info Box). Currently, there is a hearing in process being conducted by interest groups. Recommendations for maximum levels are being made, e.g. 0.02 mg/kg for several fruits, 0.1 mg/kg for tomatoes, and 0.7 mg/kg, the highest level, for oil seeds and olives. We are hoping for an agreement soon. Analyses of chlorate residues will be continued in 2019.
Phosphonic Acid and Fosetyl
Phosphonic acid is included in the legal MRL for fosetyl (sum of fosetyl and phosphonic acids and their salts, calculated as fosetyl). Phosphonic acid was detected in 216 samples of vegetables (20 %), in amounts up to 138 mg/kg (= 185 mg fosetyl, sum). Only seven samples were detected with fosetyl per se (3x lettuce, 3x arugula, and 1 cucumber). Just two samples (basil from Thailand with 185 mg/kg fosetyl-al, sum; and shallots from France with 7.4 mg/kg fosetyl-al, sum) were in violation due to an exceedance of the MRL.
The average rate of pesticide per sample is strongly influenced by the comparatively high average amount of fosetyl residues. Therefore, Table 1 presents the average rates of pesticides per sample both with and without fosetyl (sum).
Info Box
Phosphonic Acid and Fosetyl
Both fosetyl and phosphonic acid are fungicides that are permitted for use in the EU, and fall under the applications area of regulation (EC) No. 396/2005, regardless of their path of entry. In addition to the use of a fungicide, another feasible means of exposure could be via a leaf fertilizer that contains phosphonates (salts of phosphonic acid). The categorization of phosphonic acids as a fungicide has precluded this application for some years now. The still high findings indicate that plants retain the phosphonic acids, only eliminating them over a period of time.
Matrix |
No. Positive Samples
|
Phosphonic Acid (mg/kg)
|
Fosetyl (mg/kg)
|
---|---|---|---|
Leafy Vegetables |
90
|
0.083-138
|
0.046-0.69
|
Fruiting Vegetables |
80
|
0.055-11.8
|
0.010
|
Sprout Vegetables |
30
|
0.075-5.5
|
-
|
Root Vegetables |
16
|
0.053-11.7
|
-
|
TOTAL |
216
|
0.053-138
|
0.010-0.69
|
Bromide
Bromide (degradation product of the fumigant methyl bromide) tends to appear in high amounts in vegetable samples. Bromide can also occur naturally, as it comes from the soil. There are also indications that soil near the sea can have naturally higher levels of bromide; Italy often mentions this as a source. For this reason, only amounts > 10 mg/kg are included in the assessment, because only from this amount can an application of the fumigant methyl bromide be assumed. Bromide amounts > 10 mg/kg were detected in 31 samples, with quantities up to 48.5 mg/kg (coriander from Thailand). In the previous year the forerunner was a sample of basil from Thailand, with 45.5 mg/kg. None of the samples were found to be in violation due to an exceedance of the MRL for bromide. Since the average pesticide amount is strongly influenced by the high levels of bromide, the statistics presented in Table 1 are also provided with-out bromide.
Because methyl bromide is a fast-acting, effective fumigant, it was widely used over a long period of time. Methyl bromide is very damaging to the ozone layer, however. In 1987, therefore, an international contract was made among 175 countries (The Montreal Protocol), in which the countries agreed to limit the use of methyl bromide until 2015, using alternative fumigants. Since 2015 the use of methylbromide has been banned world-wide. A reduction of bromide residues is thus expected in the coming years.
Matrix | Country of Origin | Amount in Sample (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|
Aubergine | Italy | 10.2 |
Dill | Italy (3x) | 10.3 / 10.7 / 18.7 |
Marocco | 11.3 | |
Lambs lettuce | Italy | 13.9 |
Head Lettuce | Italy | 24.6 |
Coriander | Germany | 12.1 |
Thailand (2x) | 36.7 / 48.5 | |
Mangold | Italy (3x) | 10.7 / 12.7 / 13.6 |
Melone | Honduras | 12.4 |
Minze | Spain | 13.1 |
Parsley leaves | Italy (4x) | 10.7 / 11.7 / 12.1 / 12.7 |
Radish | Germany | 10.8 |
Arugula | Germany | 12.1 |
Italy (4x) | 12.5 / 14.9 / 16.2 / 25.4 | |
Spinach | Italy (2x) | 15.1 / 16.4 |
Spain | 14.8 | |
Tomato | Italy | 11.2 |
lemongrass | Thailand (2x) | 10.2 / 14.2 |
Photo Credits
CVUA Stuttgart, Pesticide laboratory
References
[1] Nicotine in Food – What Does Smoking Have to Do With It?
[2] Nikotin aus Tabak – ein „natürliches“ Mittel gegen Pflanzenschädlinge?
[3] Der Eintrag von Chlorat in die Nahrungskette sollte reduziert werden; Aktualisierte Stellungnahme Nr. 007/2018 des BfR vom 15. Februar 2018
Annexes
Compound | MRL Exceedances by: |
---|---|
4-CPA | Zucchini (Turkey 3x); Aubergine (Italy) |
Acetamiprid | Aubergine (Spain) |
Acrinathrin | Cucumber (Spain); Bell peppers (Turkey 2x) |
Bifenthrin | Green beans (Morocco 2x) |
Bromoxynil | Spinach (Italy) |
Chlorat | Spinach (Spain 2x, Germany 3x, Italy 2x); Chives (Ethiopia, Germany); Dill leaves (Morocco, Italy); Broccoli (Spain 4x, Not Specified 2x); Iceberg lettuce (Spain 5x); Lambs lettuce (Italy, France 4x, Germany 5x); Chicory (Germany 2x); Chard (Italy 2x, Germany); Kohlrabi (Spain, Germany, Portugal); Asparagus (Peru 5x, Mexico 2x, Italy 2x, Spain 2x); Tomato (Spain 4x, Turkey 3x, Tunisia, Germany 3x, Not Specified 2x, Belgium, Netherlands 3x); Parsley (Germany 5x, Italy 3x, Not Specified 2x, Spain 2x); Fennel (Italy 2x, Germany); Okra (Ladyfingers) (India); Water spinach (Thailand); Zucchini (Spain 5x, Turkey); Rucola (Germany 8x, Italy 4x); Head lettuce (Italy 3x, Germany); Lollo (Not Specified, Italy, Germany 2x); Lemon grass (Thailand 3x); Bell peppers (Spain 4x, Netherlands 5x, Belgium, Hungary); Cauliflower (Not Specified); Garlic (Not Specified); Cucumber (Spain, Netherlands, Germany); Coriander (Spain 2x, Not Specified, Germany, Thailand 2x); Radish, black ~ (Italy 2x); Aubergine (Turkey, Spain 2x, Belgium 2x, Not Specified, Italy, Netherlands 2x, Germany 2x); Green beans (Not Specified, Morocco 5x, Spain, Germany); Red-leaved chicory (radicchio) (Italy); Romaine lettuce (Spain); Endive (Belgium 2x); Basil (Germany 4x, Israel, Not Specified); Oakleaf lettuce (Germany 3x); Cutting lettuce (Germany); Radish (Germany); Ginger (Peru); Watermelon (Not Specified, Spain); Tarragon (Israel); Herbs (Germany); Mint (Spain, Germany); Melon (Spain); Cereal sprouts (France, Not Specified); Celery (Spain 2x); Cress/Garden cress (Netherlands); Leek (Germany 2x); Soybean sprouts (Germany); Kale (Germany); Beetroots (Germany); Mung bean sprouts (Not Specified) |
Chlorfenapyr | Chili peppers (Pakistan) |
Chlorfluazuron | Coriander (Not Specified) |
Chlormequatchloride, Summe | Tomato (Germany); Ginger (China 2x); Red cabbage (Not Specified) |
Chlorpropham | Kale (Germany); Parsnip (Germany) |
Chlorpyrifos | Coriander (Not Specified) |
Clofentezine |
Aubergine (Italy) |
Cyflumetofen |
Bell peppers (Turkey) |
Cyfluthrin |
Coriander (Not Specified) |
Cyromazine |
Ginger (Not Specified, China) |
Difenoconazole |
Kale (Germany) |
Diflubenzuron |
Coriander (Not Specified) |
Dimethoate |
Kohlrabi (Germany) |
Dimethomorph |
Celeriac (Germany) |
Ethephon |
Chili peppers (Turkey) |
Etoxazole |
Bell peppers (Turkey 3x) |
Fenobucarb |
Coriander (Not Specified) |
Fipronil, sum |
Chili peppers (Pakistan); Coriander (Not Specified) |
Fluopyram |
Kale (Germany) |
Flutriafol |
Mint (Spain) |
Fosetyl, sum |
Green beans (Morocco); Basil (Israel); Shallots (France) |
Fosthiazate |
Ginger (Not Specified, China) |
Hexaconazole |
Green beans (Morocco) |
Mandipropamid |
Kohlrabi (Germany) |
Methomyl |
Asparagus (Peru); Aubergine (Italy) |
Metobromuron |
Kale (Germany) |
Nicotine |
Kale (Germany 4x); Spinach (Germany, Italy); Ginger (Peru); Rucola (Germany); Okra (Ladyfingers) (India); Frisee lettuce (Germany) |
Nitenpyram |
Coriander (Not Specified) |
Omethoate |
Spinach (Germany); Kohlrabi (Germany) |
Oxadiazon |
Coriander (Thailand) |
Pirimiphos-methyl |
Bell peppers (Turkey 2x) |
Propiconazole |
Melon (Spain) |
tau-Fluvalinate |
Chili peppers (Turkey) |
Tebuconazole |
Kale (Germany 2x) |
Tebufenpyrad |
Bell peppers (Turkey); Chili peppers (Turkey) |
Thiabendazole |
Melon (Spain) |
Thiamethoxam |
Ginger (Not Specified) |
Trimethylsulfonium cation |
Cucumber (Turkey); Asparagus (Mexico 2x) |
Annex 2: Frequency of detection for the most important substances for vegetables, itemized by type of vegetable as percentage of analyzed samples (CVUAS, 2018)
Pesticides and Metabolites |
No. Positive Findings
|
mg/kg
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 0,01
|
< 0,05
|
< 0,2
|
< 1
|
< 5
|
< 20
|
> 20
|
Max.
|
||
Chlorate |
359
|
148
|
160
|
41
|
9
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Boscalid |
301
|
182
|
72
|
22
|
10
|
14
|
0
|
1
|
37
|
Azoxystrobin |
285
|
168
|
63
|
25
|
21
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
33.2
|
Fosetyl, sum |
216
|
0
|
0
|
31
|
74
|
77
|
22
|
12
|
185
|
Fluopyram |
186
|
122
|
48
|
14
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.3
|
Dimethomorph |
161
|
87
|
42
|
20
|
9
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
Pendimethalin |
146
|
124
|
18
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.2
|
Fludioxonil |
131
|
91
|
25
|
7
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.88
|
Cyprodinil |
125
|
69
|
37
|
14
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.5
|
Imidacloprid |
123
|
82
|
27
|
12
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Difenoconazole |
120
|
63
|
29
|
12
|
13
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
2.1
|
Chlorantraniliprole |
118
|
71
|
33
|
8
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
2.4
|
lambda-Cyhalothrin |
115
|
68
|
28
|
10
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.78
|
Spirotetramat, sum |
113
|
43
|
51
|
16
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
5.3
|
Metalaxyl (-M) |
110
|
92
|
14
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.28
|
Pyraclostrobin |
107
|
57
|
27
|
11
|
8
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
Acetamiprid |
103
|
44
|
32
|
22
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.6
|
Iprodione |
85
|
53
|
15
|
6
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Thiamethoxam |
84
|
58
|
24
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.26
|
Acetamiprid met. IM-2-1 |
69
|
46
|
18
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
4.8
|
Tebuconazole |
69
|
50
|
10
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.14
|
Thiacloprid |
68
|
44
|
14
|
8
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.9
|
Propamocarb |
67
|
13
|
24
|
11
|
16
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
6.7
|
Spinosad |
66
|
46
|
14
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
6.3
|
Mandipropamid |
59
|
15
|
12
|
10
|
15
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
3.6
|
Indoxacarb |
57
|
37
|
16
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.55
|
Clothianidin |
56
|
52
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.11
|
Bromide |
49
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
18
|
27
|
4
|
48.5
|
Triadimenol |
48
|
32
|
11
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.081
|
Metalaxyl met. CGA94689 |
46
|
41
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021
|
Dithiocarbamates |
44
|
0
|
4
|
18
|
15
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
3.5
|
Propamocarb-N-oxide |
39
|
6
|
14
|
11
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.64
|
Propyzamide |
38
|
36
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.014
|
Chloridazon, sum |
34
|
8
|
22
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.2
|
Chlorpyrifos |
32
|
29
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.8
|
Fluopicolide |
32
|
23
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16
|
Flutriafol |
32
|
17
|
12
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.068
|
Metrafenone |
32
|
19
|
8
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.22
|
Linuron |
31
|
20
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.084
|
Deltamethrin |
30
|
14
|
12
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.24
|
Gibberellic acid |
29
|
8
|
20
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.096
|
Propamocarb-N-desmethyl |
29
|
8
|
15
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2.3
|
Pyriproxyfen |
29
|
21
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.17
|
Cypermethrin |
28
|
17
|
6
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.6
|
Nicotine |
28
|
0
|
27
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.058
|
Flonicamid, sum |
27
|
13
|
7
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.29
|
Pymetrozine |
27
|
22
|
1
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16
|
Fluopyram-Benzamide |
26
|
20
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.057
|
Pyrimethanil |
25
|
17
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.14
|
Fenhexamid |
24
|
11
|
10
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.3
|
Chlorothalonil |
21
|
11
|
2
|
1
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.64
|
Imidacloprid, Olefin- |
21
|
18
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.031
|
Iprodione met. RP30228 |
21
|
7
|
8
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.3
|
Myclobutanil |
21
|
18
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.068
|
Fenpyrazamine |
20
|
10
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.13
|
Fipronil, sum |
19
|
16
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.019
|
Abamectin, sum |
18
|
18
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Chlorpyrifos-methyl |
18
|
11
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.25
|
Chlorothalonil-4-hydroxy |
18
|
16
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.013
|
Trimethylsulfonium cation |
18
|
5
|
10
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.22
|
Hexythiazox |
17
|
10
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.1
|
Prosulfocarb |
17
|
15
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.044
|
Prothioconazole-desthio |
17
|
15
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.04
|
Trifloxystrobin |
17
|
12
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.92
|
Ametoctradin |
16
|
6
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.043
|
Carbendazim, sum |
15
|
13
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.085
|
Imazalil |
15
|
5
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.79
|
Pirimicarb |
15
|
10
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16
|
Spiromesifen |
15
|
2
|
10
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16
|
Bifenazate, sum |
13
|
1
|
9
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16
|
Chlorpropham |
13
|
9
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.026
|
Cyprodinil met. CGA304075 |
13
|
12
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.016
|
DEET |
13
|
13
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
ETU |
13
|
7
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.2
|
Maleic hydrazide |
13
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
6.2
|
Terbutylazine-desethyl |
13
|
12
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.015
|
Boscalid met. M510F01 |
12
|
7
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.035
|
Clomazone |
12
|
12
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Cyazofamid |
12
|
7
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.068
|
Cyflufenamid |
12
|
11
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.011
|
Etofenprox |
12
|
8
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.12
|
Metribuzin |
12
|
12
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
1-NAD and 1-NAA. sum |
11
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.024
|
Cyromazine |
11
|
2
|
7
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.55
|
Epoxiconazole |
11
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003
|
Fluazifop |
11
|
7
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.1
|
Methoxyfenozide |
11
|
4
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.026
|
Aclonifen |
10
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
Omethoate |
10
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022
|
Oxadiazon |
10
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.089
|
Penconazole |
10
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Pyridaben |
10
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.34
|
Tebufenpyrad |
10
|
5
|
4
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.31
|
Spinetoram |
9
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022
|
Dimethoate |
8
|
7
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.17
|
Imazalil met. FK411 |
8
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.025
|
Metobromuron |
8
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.011
|
Pyridalyl |
8
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.041
|
Terbuthylazine |
8
|
6
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.048
|
Azadirachtin A |
7
|
5
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.086
|
Chlormequatchloride, sum |
7
|
1
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.22
|
Metalaxyl met. CGA108905 |
7
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
o-Phenylphenol |
7
|
0
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021
|
Tri-Allate |
7
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
2.4-D |
6
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.039
|
4-CPA |
6
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.083
|
Bifenthrin |
6
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.06
|
Buprofezin |
6
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022
|
Chloridazon, Methyl-desphenyl |
6
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.015
|
Fenpyroximate |
6
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.062
|
Fluxapyroxad |
6
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Kresoxim-methyl |
6
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.019
|
Piperonyl butoxide |
6
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.024
|
Thiabendazole |
6
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.032
|
Acrinathrin |
5
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.093
|
BAC (n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18) |
5
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.078
|
Bupirimate |
5
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.18
|
Chlorfenapyr |
5
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.04
|
Etoxazole |
5
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.045
|
Fenpropimorph |
5
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.009
|
Fosthiazate |
5
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.065
|
Nereistoxin |
5
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.11
|
Pirimicarb. desmethyl |
5
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.046
|
Pirimicarb-desamido-desmethyl |
5
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008
|
Thiophanate-methyl |
5
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.21
|
DDT, sum |
4
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.018
|
Dimethenamid, sum |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Ethirimol |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
Fluazifop, Sum |
4
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.044
|
Metaflumizone |
4
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.29
|
Pirimicarb-desamido |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
Pirimicarb-desmethyl-formamido- |
4
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.018
|
Quizalofop, sum |
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.015
|
Tetraconazole |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Amisulbrom |
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.19
|
Benalaxyl |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
Bromoxynil |
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.02
|
Cyantraniliprole |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008
|
Cyfluthrin |
3
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.077
|
DDAC (n=8,. 10, 12) |
3
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.04
|
Aldrin/Dieldrin, sum |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003
|
Emamectin B1a/B1b |
3
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.03
|
Ethofumesate |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Fenamidone |
3
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.027
|
Folpet |
3
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.05
|
Lufenuron |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008
|
Mepanipyrim |
3
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.034
|
Pencycuron |
3
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.047
|
Procymidone |
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.01
|
Proquinazid |
3
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.023
|
Pyrethrins |
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.17
|
Teflubenzuron |
3
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.087
|
2.4-D, sum |
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.037
|
Atrazine-desethyl |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Carbanilide |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.01
|
Cyflumetofen |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.017
|
Fenazaquin |
2
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.49
|
Fenobucarb |
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.028
|
Flupyradifurone |
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.045
|
Haloxyfop |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Hexaconazole |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.028
|
Lenacil |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Metamitron |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Methomyl |
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.2
|
Oxyfluorfen |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
Penthiopyrad |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022
|
Pirimiphos-methyl |
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.5
|
Prochloraz, sum |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.02
|
Propiconazole |
2
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.087
|
Spirodiclofen |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021
|
Sulfoxaflor |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021
|
tau-Fluvalinate |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.016
|
Tebufenozide |
2
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.14
|
Triadimefon |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003
|
2-Naphthoxyacetic acid |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Ametryn |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Atrazine |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Atrazine-desisopropyl |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Benfluralin |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.048
|
Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.011
|
Benzyladenine |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.05
|
Biphenyl |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.018
|
Bromopropylate |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
Captan |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
Carbanilide |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Carbofuran, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Chlorfluazuron |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.22
|
Clethodim-sulfoxide |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.036
|
Clofentezine |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.037
|
Cyproconazole |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.026
|
Diazinon |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.23
|
Diethofencarb |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.015
|
Diflubenzuron |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.54
|
Dikegulac |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Dodine |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Endosulfan, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003
|
Ethephon |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.1
|
Ethephon metabolite HEPA |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.65
|
Etridiazole |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.06
|
Famoxadone |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.12
|
Fenamiphos, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Fenbutatin oxide |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012
|
Fenvalerat and Esfenvalerat, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
Fluazinam |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.011
|
Flucythrinate |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
Flufenoxuron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
Fluoxastrobin |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Flutolanil |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Formetanate |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Hexachlorobenzene |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Icaridin |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Iprovalicarb |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Isoprocarb |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Malathion, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
MCPA |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
MCPB |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Mepiquat |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012
|
Metalaxyl met. CGA67869 |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Metazachlor |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Methabenzthiazuron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003
|
Methamidophos |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006
|
Methiocarb, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004
|
Metolachlor, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Metoxuron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Napropamide |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008
|
Nitenpyram |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.11
|
Novaluron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Oxamyl-oxime |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Paclobutrazol |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001
|
Phenmedipham |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.055
|
Phosalone |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007
|
Profenofos |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Prometryn |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Pyriofenone |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Quinclorac |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005
|
Quinoxyfen |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003
|
Quintozene, sum |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022
|
Clethodim, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008
|
Triflumizole, sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002
|
Parameter | Included in the residue definition and analytically recorded |
---|---|
1-Naphthylessigsäure, sum | 1-Naphthylacetamid 1-Naphthylessigsäure |
Abamectin | Avermectin B1a Avermectin B1b 8,9-Z-Avermectin B1a |
Aldicarb, sum | Aldicarb Aldicarb-sulfoxid Aldicarb-sulfon |
Amitraz, total | Amitraz BTS 27271 |
Benzalkoniumchlorid, sum (BAC) | Benzyldimethyloctylammonium chloride (BAC-C8) Benzyldimethyldecylammonium chloride (BAC-C10) Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C12) Benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (BAC-C14 Benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C16) Benzyldimethylstearylammonium chloride (BAC-C18) |
Carbofuran, sum | Carbofuran 3-Hydroxy-Carbofuran |
Chloridazon, sum | Chloridazon Chloridazon-desphenyl |
DDT, sum | DDE, pp- DDT, pp- DDD, pp- DDT, op- |
Dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, sum (DDAC) | Dioctyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C8) Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C10) Didodecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C12) |
Dieldrin, sum | Dieldrin Aldrin |
Disulfoton, sum | Disulfoton Disulfoton-sulfoxide Disulfoton-sulfon |
Endosulfan, sum | Endosulfan, alpha- Endosulfan, beta- Endosulfan-sulfat |
Fenamiphos, sum | Fenamiphos Fenamiphos-sulfoxide Fenamiphos-sulfon |
Fenthion, sum | Fenthion Fenthion-sulfoxide Fenthion-sulfon Fenthion-oxon Fenthion-oxon-sulfoxide Fenthion-oxon-sulfon |
Fipronil, sum | Fipronil Fipronil-sulfon |
Flonicamid, sum | Flonicamid TFNG TFNA |
Fosetyl, sum | Fosetyl Phosphonic Acid |
Glufosinate, sum | Glufosinate MPP N-Acetyl-Glufosinate (NAG) |
Heptachlor, sum | Heptachlor Heptachlorepoxid |
Malathion, sum | Malathion Malaoxon |
Methiocarb, sum | Methiocarb Methiocarb-sulfoxide Methiocarb-sulfon |
Milbemectin | Milbemectin A3 Milbemectin A4 |
Oxydemeton-S-methyl, sum | Oxydemeton-methyl Demeton-S-methyl-sulfon |
Parathion-methyl ,sum | Parathion-methyl Paraoxon-methyl |
Phorat, sum | Phorate Phorate-sulfon Phorate-oxon Phorate-oxon-sulfon |
Phosmet, sum | Phosmet Phosmet-oxon |
Prochloraz, total | Prochloraz 2,4,6-Trichlorphenol BTS 44595 BTS 44596 BTS 9608 BTS 40348 |
Pyrethrum, sum | Pyrethrin I Pyrethrin II Jasmolin I Jasmolin II Cinerin I Cinerin II |
Pyridate, sum | Pyridate Pyridafol |
Quintozen, sum | Quintozen Pentachloranilin |
Sethoxydim, total | Sethoxydim Clethodim |
Spirotetramat, sum | Spirotetramate, Spirotetramate-Enol, Spirotetramate, Ketohydroxy Spirotetramate, Monohydroxy Spirotetramate-Enol-Glycoside |
Tolylfluanid, sum | Tolylfluanid DMST |
Triflumizole | Triflumizole FM-6-1 |
Translated by: Catherine Leiblein